Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in maxillofacial reconstruction surgery: a narrative review

Mandibular and craniofacial reconstruction following ablative surgery due to trauma, tumor resection, or congenital deformities presents a complex challenge requiring a balance of functional restoration and aesthetic outcomes. Historically, various autografts and alloplastic materials have been employed for these reconstructive procedures. However, the advent of computer-assisted design and manufacturing technologies has ushered in a new era, enabling the precise creation of patient-specific implants from advanced biomaterials such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK). This narrative review aims to explore the evolving role of PEEK in maxillofacial reconstruction surgery, detailing its intrinsic properties, diverse applications across the craniofacial skeleton, and the advantages it offers over traditional materials like titanium and bone grafts. We will delve into the current challenges and limitations associated with PEEK, including its bio-inertness, and discuss promising future directions and innovative strategies focused on enhancing its bioactivity and expanding its clinical utility. The integration of virtual surgical planning, 3D printing of complex PEEK structures, and surface modification techniques highlights the potential for improved surgical accuracy, reduced operative times, and enhanced patient-specific outcomes in maxillofacial reconstruction. This review synthesizes current literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of PEEK's present status and future trajectory in this dynamic surgical specialty.