Risk Prediction Models for Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Existing PEP prediction models demonstrate overall good discrimination but are limited by methodological heterogeneity and scarce external validation. Clinically validated models can support risk stratification to guide preventive strategies (e.g., rectal NSAIDs, aggressive hydration, selective prophylactic pancreatic stenting) alongside clinical judgment. Future research should prioritize multicenter prospective validation, robust calibration and decision-curve analyses, impact assessments, and explainable machine learning models integrated with electronic health record systems.