Advancing sustainability education in the built environment: a systematic review of learning and teaching strategies

Purpose The effectiveness of different learning and teaching (L&T) strategies in achieving sustainability learning outcomes (SLOs) in higher education institutions (HEIs) remains a subject of debate. This study aims to identify the most impactful L&T approaches, with a particular focus on disciplines within the built environment. These strategies not only inform curriculum design but also equip students and graduates with the critical thinking, values and behaviours needed to advance sustainability in their professional practice. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a systematic literature review approach. A search across five major educational databases initially identified 184 records. After screening and applying eligibility criteria, 30 studies were included in the final analysis. The Good Practice Learning and Teaching for Sustainability Education framework was used to map and evaluate the effectiveness of L&T strategies. Findings The results highlight that pedagogy – rather than content alone – is central to achieving SLOs. Active learning, real-world problem-solving and interdisciplinary teaching have emerged as particularly effective approaches. However, many programmes continue to prioritise knowledge and skills, while placing less emphasis on developing sustainability-related attitudes and behaviours, despite their critical role in fostering sustainable practices. Practical implications The study emphasises the importance of diversifying pedagogical approaches. Integrating innovative strategies such as self-directed learning, educator-student partnerships and critical reflection can better support the full range of SLOs. A varied mix of L&T methods allows programmes to address the complex and interdisciplinary nature of sustainability education. Originality/value This research contributes by embedding SLOs into module and programme design within built environment disciplines. It offers actionable insights for educators and policymakers seeking to strengthen sustainability education.