From 5G to 6G: A Survey on Security, Privacy, and Standardization Pathways

The vision for 6G aims to enhance network capabilities, supporting an intelligent digital ecosystem where artificial intelligence (AI) is a key. However, the expansion of 6G raises critical security and privacy concerns due to the increased integration of IoT devices, edge computing, and AI. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of 6G protocols with a focus on security and privacy, identifying risks that have not been experienced in preceding 5G systems, and presenting mitigation strategies. While many vulnerabilities from earlier generations persist, the introduction of AI/ML introduces novel risks like model inversion and malicious manipulation of AI. Vulnerabilities in emerging personal IoT networks and autonomous vehicles are also underscored, where falsified command signaling or privacy leakage can pose safety and ethical concerns. The survey also discusses the transition toward lattice-based, post-quantum encryption standards, and identifies limitations in current security frameworks and calls for new, dynamic approaches tailored to 6G’s complexity. Close collaboration among stakeholders, including governments, industry, and researchers, is indispensable to developing robust standards, secure architectures, and risk assessment frameworks that address AI, quantum threats, and privacy at scale.