Modulation of human neutrophil functions by hydroethanolic cladode extract of Opuntia ficus-indica: an in vitro experimental study

Opuntia ficus-indica is recognised for its anti-inflammatory effects and potential health benefits. Its different parts are rich in bioactive compounds and are consumed in various traditional diets. However, its cellular and molecular targets are not well known. In this study, we evaluated the effects of hydroethanolic cladode extract (HECE) on human neutrophil functions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to characterise and identify the bioactive compounds of the hydroethanolic extract of Opuntia ficus-indica cladode, neutrophil chemotaxis was assessed via agarose assay, and neutrophil degranulation was assessed by the release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) via western blotting. Neutrophil ROS production was evaluated by chemiluminescence, and superoxide anion generation was determined via a cytochrome C reduction assay. HPLC analysis revealed that the extract contains flavonoids and polyphenols involved in oxidative stress inhibition. HECEs significantly inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis, reduced MPO degranulation, and strongly reduced ROS production in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)-stimulated neutrophils. The extract reacted with superoxide anions and inhibited hydrogen peroxide production. Opuntia ficus-indica hydroethanolic cladode extract modulates major neutrophil functions and has antioxidant effects. These results could explain the anti-inflammatory properties of this plant and may lead to future therapeutic applications in inflammatory diseases.