CO ₂ and H ₂ O isotope exchange and flux partitioning in Amazonia

Abstract. Understanding the coupled exchange of H2O and CO2 between ecosystems and the atmosphere remains limited due to our inability to partition net fluxes into their individual source and sink components. For the Amazon rainforest, which plays an important role in the global balance of water and carbon, investigating these individual fluxes is critical given the environmental changes in recent years. Here, we apply a stable isotope-based approach to partition ecosystem-scale gas exchange from simultaneous eddy covariance measurements of H2O and CO2 isotopologues. During the 2022 CloudRoots-Amazon campaign at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory, high-frequency isotope flux measurements from 57 m were used to derive multi-day composite diurnal cycles of δ fluxes and ecosystem source compositions. A steady-state midday interval, constrained with independent leaf and soil isotopic observations, allowed us to coherently link the H2O and CO2 isotopic states throughout the ecosystem (soil, canopy, leaf, atmosphere) using δ18O. Isotopic flux partitioning indicates that transpiration accounts for 95.5 % of the net evapotranspiration (ET) of water at 14:00, with soil evaporation being responsible for 4.5 %. For CO2, δ18O-based partitioning indicates that the respiration flux from the soil equals −44 % of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE), where the photosynthetic assimilation flux in turn is 144 % of NEE. The partitioning of NEE was found to be strongly dependent on the leaf intercellular-to-atmospheric CO2 ratio (ci/ca) which determines the (apparent) isotopic composition associated with photosynthetic assimilation (δP). This underlines how important detailed leaf and soil level measurements of isotopic compositions and leaf characteristics are for ecosystem-scale flux partitioning.