Landscape genetics in plants: challenges and insights from the XX International Botanical Congress

Abstract Context Plant landscape genetics is a rapidly developing discipline that examines how habitat loss and fragmentation due to anthropogenic pressures shape plant genetic diversity, gene flow, and potential adaptation. Despite its potential, many aspects remain underexplored, limiting its effective incorporation into conservation planning. Objectives This study aims to identify current trends, challenges, and practical opportunities for applying landscape genetics in plant conservation, framed within the Madrid Declaration (XX International Botanical Congress, IBC, in Madrid, July 2024). Methods Insights were gathered from presentations and discussions held during the symposium “Across Land and Water: Understanding Plant Gene Flow at a Landscape Scale” (XX IBC), targeted literature review, and interviews with conservation practitioners. Results Findings highlight major gaps in bryophyte genetics and vector ecology. Methodological challenges include accounting for life history traits and time-lags. Landscape genetics and genomics have rarely been applied in conservation planning. Effective communication between scientists and stakeholders, increased public awareness, and user-friendly tools are crucial for translating genetic research into conservation action. Conclusions Addressing methodological challenges and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration will increase the field’s impact. Improved knowledge exchange can strengthen conservation planning, promote genetic diversity, and ecosystem resilience in human-modified landscapes.