Interfacial Cation Arrangement Controls Electrocatalytic Kinetics in CO ₂ Reduction

The identity of electrolyte cations is known to strongly influence electrocatalytic activity, but the relationship between their interfacial arrangement and observed performance remains poorly understood. Organic cations, with their molecular tunability, provide a powerful platform for systematically probing these effects. Here, we leverage phosphonium-based geminal dications to control interfacial cation arrangement and identify the variables that most strongly influence catalytic rates. As a case study, we examine CO₂ reduction to CO over polycrystalline silver electrodes in dry aprotic acetonitrile. Through a combination of rotating disk electrode measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, we decouple the effects of cation-electrode distance and interfacial cation density on catalytic rates. We find that smaller, more densely packed cations induce stronger interfacial electric fields, which lower the activation barrier for CO₂ adsorption and increase reaction rates. Using geminal phosphonium dications [C_<i>n</i>(P_<i>mmm</i>)₂][ClO₄]₂, we demonstrate that both the vertical and lateral positioning of organic cations within the electrical double layer independently affect reactivity. These results demonstrate that electrolyte cation identity primarily influences catalytic kinetics by determining how efficiently charge can be arranged at electrochemical interfaces. Overall, our findings support an electrostatic view of cation effects in catalysis and provide design principles for next-generation electrolytes.