Paediatric traumatic brain injury: clinical presentation, treatment approaches, management strategies, and outcomes. Insights from the CENTER-TBI study
Paediatric TBI differs significantly from non-paediatric cases, with predominantly mild injuries, lower neuroworsening rates, and less intensive management, especially in younger children. Outcomes at six months are generally more favorable in paediatric patients, emphasizing the need for age-specific management strategies in TBI care.
Authors
- Morten Blaabjerg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6007-1861)
- Tommaso Zoerle (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8713-8085)
- Caroline Brorsson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3473-1744)
- Daphne Voormolen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0449-0708)
- Béla Melegh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2368-1182)
- Endre Czeiter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9578-6944)
- Thomas A. van Essen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4657-5283)
- Peter Vajkoczy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-392X)
- Jonathan Rosand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-9138)
- Ben Glocker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-9356)
- Rahul Raj (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-9591)
- Lindsay Wilson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4113-2328)
- Petar Vuleković (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8406-8923)
- Emmanuel Andreas Stamatakis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-9601)
- Manuel Teixeira Cabeleira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-6544)
- Saulius Ročka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9715-641X)
- Marc Maegele (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0634-4723)
- Ronny Beer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4341-6845)
- Russell L. Gruen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8023-1957)
- Inge A. M. van Erp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-0367)
- Nadine Schäfer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9782-7255)
- Alexandra Bražinová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0625-256X)
- Roger Lightfoot
- Rico Frederik Schou
- Peter Cameron (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1443-557X)
- Alice Theadom (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0351-6216)
- Andreas Unterberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3742-3288)
- Linda Lanyon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-1825)
- Angelo Guglielmi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-9509)
- Raimund Helbok (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5682-0145)
- Michela Consonni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1224-6449)
- Bram Jacobs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7078-8118)
- Visakh Muraleedharan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-440X)
- Stefan Winzeck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9170-2750)
- Silke Schmidt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-1937)
- Iain Haitsma
- Simon Stanworth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7414-4950)
- Nicola Curry (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3849-0688)
- Caroline M Van Heugten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4272-7315)
- Hugo den Boogert
- Arturo Chieregato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6690-8597)
- Tony Trapani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-3760)
- Anne Vik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8892-6307)
- Eirik Helseth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5758-6485)
- Martin Fabricius (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6959-6848)
- Guillermo Carbayo Lozano
- Jonathan R. Rhodes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6746-7412)
- Costanza Martino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2691-0059)
- Alfonso Lagares
- Luigi Beretta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0440-1947)
- Shirley Vallance (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8567-1783)
- Steven Laureys (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3096-3807)
- Damien Galanaud (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9285-8121)
- William Stewart (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2199-2582)
- Jagoš Golubović (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5524-246X)
- Daan Nieboer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4403-6537)
- Dick Tibboel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-5398)
- Dana Pisică
- Francesca Graziano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-3527)
- Hester F. Lingsma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2063-9533)
- Mike Jarrett
- Krisztina Amrein
- Nada Anđelić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3719-4406)
- Ari Ercole (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8350-8093)
- Maurizio Berardino
- Jonathan Coles (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4013-679X)
- Peter Ylén (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1739-8145)
- Bo‐Michael Bellander (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-2501)
- Riikka S. K. Takala (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6342-0043)
- Fiona Lecky (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6806-0921)
- Tomas Menovsky (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0889-856X)
- Christina Rosenlund
- Giulia Ogliari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8273-3619)
- Monika Bullinger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8876-0159)
- Shirin Kordasti Frisvold (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4449-443X)
- Joanne Brooker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0096-0442)
- Helen Dawes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2933-5213)
- Olav Røise (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-7001)
- Wilco C. Peul
- Romuald Beauvais
- Joukje van der Naalt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-2418)
- Guy Williams (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5223-6654)
- Alessio Caccioppola (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-3111)
- Đula Đilvesi
- Vincent Perlbarg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3438-2479)
- Eveline Wiegers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1768-7550)
- Stefania Galimberti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-7242)
- Anna Piippo-Karjalainen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6219-5106)
- Marco Carbonara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1431-8322)
- Simona Cavallo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6174-5198)
- András Büki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-9278)
- Amra Čović
- Juan Sahuquillo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0713-5875)
- Guus Schoonman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3336-1238)
- Philippe Azouvi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5272-0788)
- Pablo Gagliardo
- Paul M Dark (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-0164)
- Paolo Persona (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1584-5148)
- Abayomi Sorinola
- Jan Verheyden (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0718-9793)
- Jens P. Dreier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-2828)
- Benjamin Gravesteijn
- Didier Ledoux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9314-6564)
- Mladen Karan
- Egils Valeinis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9510-3232)
- Mark Coburn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7930-0270)
- Matt Thomas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3407-6762)
- Ana Mikolić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3476-096X)
- Daniel Whitehouse (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0216-1866)
- Guy Rosenthal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-6542)
- Victor Volovici (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5798-5360)
- Nino Stocchetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3250-6834)
- Paul M. Parizel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0221-2854)
- Antonio Belli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3211-9933)
- Kelly Foks
- Peter Bragge (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-5131)
- Sophie Richter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-484X)
- Cecilia Åkerlund (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-1482)
- Ancuța Negru
- Oliver Werner Sakowitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3248-6335)
- Patrick Esser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3227-0115)
- Aurélie Lejeune
- Valery L. Feigin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6372-1740)
- Arminas Ragauskas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9695-9512)
- Bart P. Depreitere (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7458-0648)
- Fabrizio Ortolano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1996-948X)
- Paola Rebora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0606-5852)
- Lasse Andreassen
- Andreea Rădoi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0677-3544)
- Elisabeth Schwendenwein
- Véronique De Keyser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0777-8370)
- Sandra Rossi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-8121)
- Ranjit D. Singh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0243-3320)
- Cecilie Røe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-0674)
- Samuli Ripatti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0504-1202)
- Guoyi Gao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2090-8369)
- Dashiell Gantner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9465-5910)
- Marta Correia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3231-7040)
- Juanita A. Haagsma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-548X)
- Tomas Tamošuitis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-7268)
- Louis Puybasset (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6849-1825)
- Julia Mattern
- Toril Skandsen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-9338)
- Jussi P. Posti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-5193)
- Paul Vespa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0936-9501)
- Pradeep George (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-2828)
- Matti Pirinen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1664-1350)
- Vincent Degos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6540-5725)
- Roel P. J. van Wijk
- Ronald Bartels (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8638-4660)
- Malinka Rambadagalla
- Lelde Giga
- Valérie Legrand
- Frederick Adam Zeiler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1737-0510)
- Virginia Newcombe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6044-9035)
- Marek Majdán (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8037-742X)
- Suzanne Polinder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4331-3141)
- Horia Pleş
- Wim Van Hecke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1529-4219)
- Alexander Younsi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8218-9243)
- Maria Luisa Azzolini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3084-7064)
- Rolf L. Lefering (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0141-1747)
- Jean‐François Payen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8400-3839)
- Daniel Kondziella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5562-9808)
- Charlie Sewalt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3270-4814)
- Mark Taylor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-7905)
- Giorgio Chevallard
- Iñigo Pomposo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3095-2649)
- Vibeke Brinck
- Olli S. Tenovuo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1876-3180)
- Marjolein Timmers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5712-4800)
- Ana M. Castaño‐León (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7918-5049)
- Viktória Tamás (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2388-7287)
- Geoffrey A. Manley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4950-4651)
- Aurore Thibaut (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5991-1747)
- Faye Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6937-6872)
- Kimberley Velt
- Jeroen T.J.M. van Dijck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9893-632X)
- Hans Clusmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8258-9346)
- Melisa Polo Friz
- Pál Barzó (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8717-748X)
- Veronika Zelinkova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6426-9576)
- Stefan Jankowski
- Thijs Vande Vyvere (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4032-5443)
- Christos Tolias (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0620-471X)
- Audny Anke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2491-2560)
- Rimantas Vilcinis
- Herbert Schöechl
- Braden Te Ao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-200X)
- Anna Antoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-649X)
- Natascha Perera
- Alex Manara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0584-7222)
- Matej Orešič (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-9165)
- Evgenios Kornaropoulos
- Jilske Huijben (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2892-5406)
- Alexandre Ghuysen
- Hugues Maréchal
- Francesca Grossi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0438-8239)
- Renán Sánchez-Porras (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9084-8114)
- Gregory Van der Steen
- Emma Donoghue (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-9108)
- Aarno V. Palotie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-5874)
- Marek Czosnyka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2446-8006)
- Alex Furmanov
- Johannes Gratz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8717-0544)
- Kelly Jones (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5692-653X)
- Gérard Audibert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7919-5434)
- Sylvia Richardson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1998-492X)
- Carlo Giussani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9033-2927)
- Angelos G. Kolias (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3992-0587)
- Giuseppe Citerio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5374-3161)
- Cristina Maria Tudora
- Ernest van Veen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5495-3996)
- Catherine McMahon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-1399)
- Nina Sundström (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-5251)
- Zoltán Vámos
- József Nyirádi
- Agate Ziverte
- Habib Benali (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7158-1218)
- Ewout W. Steyerberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-0122)
- Daniel Rueckert Martin Rusnák
- Claire Dahyot Fizelier
- Kevin Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9343-6473)
- Deepak Gupta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-5668)
- Benoît Misset (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6466-0065)
- János Sándor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1168-1441)
- D. James Cooper (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5872-9051)
- Zhihui Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5922-8283)
- Robert D. Stevens (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5984-7837)
- Pedro A. Gómez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4185-5238)
- Abhishek Dixit (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9543-5901)
- Stefan Wolf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3563-3954)
- Otesile Olubukola
- Noémi Kovács
- Françesco Della Corte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-2318)
- Ana Kowark
- Erwin J. O. Kompanje (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0649-4019)
- Peter Hutchinson
- Lindsay Horton
- Emiliana Calappi
- Leon Levi
- Emmanuel Vega
- Lynnette Murray
- Andrew I.R. Maas
- Lars Owe Koskinen
- Erzsébet Ezer
- David K. Menon
- Rolf Rossaint
- Maria Rosa Calvi
- Nicole von Steinbüchel
- Alessia Vargiolu
- Guy Loup Dulière
- Jeffrey V. Rosenfeld
- Isabel Retel Helmrich
- Peter Smielewski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5096-3938)
- Mathieu van der Jagt
- David Nelson
- Ji Y. Jiang
- Margherita Valla
Institutions
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” (IT)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- University Hospital Heidelberg (DE)
- Antwerp University Hospital (BE)
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo (IT)
- Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero (IT)
- Ospedale San Giuseppe (IT)
- Policlinico San Matteo Fondazione (IT)
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IT)
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele (IT)
- University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Anesthesia Analgesia and Critical Care
- Published
- 2025-12-18
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s44158-025-00312-4
- Primary Topic
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Dipartimenti di Eccellenza
- European Commission