A model for predicting secondary traumatic stress in emergency nurses: the roles of occupational stress, empathy, and psychological resilience

STS in ED nurses is influenced by multiple factors, including nursing stress, empathy, and psychological resilience, with resilience serving as an important protective factor. The developed regression model provides valuable insights into these associations and holds clinical utility in guiding interventions aimed at enhancing nurse mental health, refining the work environment, and improving patient care quality. These findings suggest the need for targeted psychological support strategies in ED settings.