Etiology and Clinical Correlates of Pediatric Pneumonia in Lebanon in the Era Following COVID-19 Vaccine Availability: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

A significant majority of pediatric pneumonia cases in this contemporary Lebanese cohort are of unknown etiology, underscoring persistent diagnostic challenges. Microbiologically confirmed pneumonia, particularly with Gram-negative bacteria, is associated with greater clinical severity. These findings highlight an urgent need for enhanced diagnostic strategies and tailored antimicrobial stewardship programs in the post-pandemic era to optimize patient care and combat antimicrobial resistance.