Bridging agriculture, health and industry through plant molecular farming in the bioeconomic era

Global food production requires a major upheaval to feed a burgeoning human population despite multiple disruptors, ranging from climate change to geopolitical instability. Innovation and a policy shift that focuses on the Bioeconomy could address these challenges. This Perspective highlights plant cellular agriculture, molecular farming, and plant cell culture as a potential “fourth pillar” that could diversify supply and produce high-value compounds associated with regulatory uncertainty, cost, and energy constraints.