<i>APETALA2</i> controls seed growth by regulating outer integument mechanical identity during seed coat differentiation

Abstract Organ morphogenesis requires differentiating cells to acquire mechanical properties that precisely regulate growth. In Arabidopsis thaliana , seed size and shape are largely controlled by the outer integument of the seed coat, whose two layers develop distinct mechanical behaviors critical for growth regulation. Here, we show that the cell identity factor APETALA2 (AP2) both promotes and restricts seed growth by coordinating the post-fertilization differentiation of these layers into distinct seed coat tissues. AP2 drives layer-specific remodeling of cell wall composition, notably affecting pectin and xyloglucan, thereby establishing contrasting mechanical properties between the two layers. Unexpectedly, these changes in wall composition and mechanics do not alter mechanosensitive responses, revealing a surprising uncoupling between cell wall remodeling and mechanotransduction. Our findings identify AP2 as a key coordinator of tissue-specific mechanical differentiation during organ morphogenesis.