Emerging roles for interleukin-11 in the inflammatory response of intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe cerebrovascular disorder with high rates of disability and mortality. Secondary inflammatory responses are recognized as pivotal determinants of patient outcomes and neurological recovery. In recent years, interleukin-11 (IL11), an important member of the IL6 cytokine family, has attracted increasing attention for its role in various inflammatory diseases and neurological injuries. Emerging evidence indicates that IL11 expression undergoes significant alterations following ICH and participates in regulating immune cell activation, cytokine secretion, and blood-brain barrier integrity. Beyond its complex interactions with other inflammatory mediators, IL11 may also exert neuroprotective effects, thereby providing a novel theoretical basis for therapeutic interventions targeting post-ICH inflammation. This review systematically summarizes the expression dynamics, molecular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic implications of IL11 in the context of ICH-associated inflammation, with the aim of offering new insights into strategies for modulating inflammatory responses in ICH patients.