Plastics and the environment: challenges, impacts, and pathways to sustainability

Plastics have revolutionised modern life thanks to their versatility, durability, and low production costs. However, their persistence in the environment has become one of the most pressing global challenges. This review looks closely at the full life cycle of plastics from polymerisation and processing to manufacturing and use across different industries. It also critically examines the environmental impacts of plastic waste. Special attention is given to the two main categories of plastics, thermoplastics and thermosets and the unique challenges they pose for waste management and recycling. We discuss common processing methods like injection moulding, extrusion, blow moulding, and additional operations, with a focus on how they influence material recovery and sustainability efforts. The review also explores various strategies to reduce plastic pollution, including cutting plastic use at the source, promoting reusable alternatives, advancing mechanical and chemical recycling, and developing new biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, it highlights the role of strong policy actions, increased public awareness, and AI-driven recycling systems in moving towards a circular plastic economy. By combining innovation in materials science with environmental responsibility and socio-economic strategies, this review identifies key pathways for sustainable plastic management and stresses the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to address the global plastic crisis.