The role of nMOFs in anticancer combinations of photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy

Nano Metal–Organic Frameworks (nMOFs) have emerged as a versatile class of porous materials with significant potential in biomedical applications, particularly in cancer treatment. This review explores the pivotal role of nMOFs in facilitating the combina-tion of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and immunotherapy (IMT), focusing on their unique capabilities to synergistically enhance therapeutic outcomes. By serving as effi-cient photosensitizer and immunotherapy drug carriers nMOFs serve as immune re-sponse modulators and enable targeted tumour destruction through reactive oxygen species generation while simultaneously stimulating antitumor immunity. The com-bination of nMOF-based PDT and immunotherapy represents a promising strategy for more effective, personalized cancer treatments. This article highlights recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives in leveraging nMOFs for the synergistic cancer therapy landscape.