Forensic medical reporting of non-fatal injuries in criminal cases in the Netherlands: a mixed-methods analysis of regional practices

Non-fatal physical injuries are common in criminal cases, and their accurate documentation and interpretation are crucial for legal proceedings. In the Netherlands, forensic doctors provide independent injury reports that range from basic injury descriptions to translations of medical information into lay terms and comprehensive expert analysis. However, prior research indicates that these reports are often absent in court cases, despite their recognized importance-particularly in serious crimes and domestic violence cases. The reasons for this limited availability remain largely unclear. This study examined the extent and consistency of forensic medical reporting of non-fatal injuries in adults in the Netherlands, identified regional disparities in forensic medical practices, and explored barriers affecting report availability in criminal cases. A mixed-method approach was used, combining a national survey of forensic medical departments with an analysis of injury reports from 2018 to 2022. Findings reveal substantial regional differences in investigation methods, reporting standards, and the number of reports produced. Variations were linked to the lack of requesting protocols, unclear case definitions for forensic doctor involvement, and capacity constraints. The roles of treating physicians, police, and victims in documenting injuries were also not clearly defined. To ensure equitable access to forensic medical expertise within the criminal justice system, this study recommends national standardization, clearer case prioritization for forensic medical involvement, enhanced collaboration, and enhanced forensic training for treating physicians.