Biobased Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly of Adenosine Triphosphate and Phosphorylated Chitosan for Flame‐Retardant and Antibacterial Polyester Fabric

ABSTRACT This study employed layer‐by‐layer (LBL) technology to sequentially deposit negatively charged adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and positively charged phosphorylated chitosan (P‐CS) onto polyester fabric, creating a bio‐based flame‐retardant system characterized by environmental friendliness, non‐toxicity, high efficiency, and washing durability. The surface morphology and chemical structure of the treated fabrics were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. Flame retardancy, thermal stability, and burning behavior were evaluated through vertical burning tests (VBT), limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimetry (CCT). Post‐combustion char residues were examined using SEM, FT‐IR, and Raman spectroscopy to explain the flame retardant mechanism. Additionally, antibacterial property, flame retardant durability, tensile strength, air permeability, whiteness were investigated. A damage length of approximately 7.5 cm in VBT, a LOI value of 34.5%, inhibition rate of 76.10%, and 70.33% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were achieved, respectively.