Mathematics teachers’ AI literacy, anxiety, and perceptions of AI integration in mathematics education: a mixed-methods study

Professional development programs should encompass not only the fundamental technological features of AI but also its pedagogical contributions to mathematics instruction. Mathematics teachers should be provided with opportunities to observe how AI supports key instructional processes such as differentiated instruction, formative assessment, and conceptual visualization. Furthermore, training modules should aim to develop teachers' abilities to critically evaluate AI-generated mathematical content in terms of accuracy and pedagogical appropriateness. Through such targeted training, teachers can enhance their AI literacy and create safe and pedagogically meaningful digital learning environments for their students.