Temperature-Engineered MnO/Mn₃O₄/C Composites Derived from DMAc for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Mixed-valence MnO/Mn3O4/carbon (MnO/Mn3O4/C) composites were synthesized via a onestep solvothermal process followed by thermal annealing, utilizing N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as a dual-function solvent and in-situ carbon source.By precisely tuning the annealing temperature, the structural and electrochemical properties of the resulting composites were optimized.Notably, the sample annealed at 500 C (Mn-N5) exhibited a balanced Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ ratio, abundant oxygen vacancies, and a conductive sp 2 -rich carbon framework.These features collectively enhanced lithium-ion diffusion, electron transport, and mechanical integrity.As an anode material, Mn-N5 delivered a high reversible capacity of 861 mAh g 1 at 0.2 A g 1 , retained 309 mAh g 1 at 2 A g 1 , and maintained 473 mAh g 1 after 1000 cycles at 0.5 A g 1 .Kinetic analysis and impedance spectroscopy confirmed improved charge transfer and pseudocapacitive behavior, driven by the synergistic effects of the heterostructured MnOx and carbon network.These results demonstrate a scalable and cost-effective strategy for engineering high-performance Mn-based anodes suitable for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.