Exploring the role of glycine: modulation of gene expression of GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 in astrocytes and its potential implication in the pathogenesis of AlzheimerÓ?s and beta-amyloid accumulation

Astrocytes, a subtype of glial cells prevalent in the central nervous system, are characterized by two principal types: protoplasmic, primarily located in gray matter, and fibrous, predominantly found in white matter and the optic nerve.Protoplasmic astrocytes extend end feet toward blood vessels in the gray matter, forming the glial limiting membrane, whereas fibrous astrocytes in the white matter display smaller somata with straight, non-branched processes.These cells play a pivotal role in maintaining redox potential, regulating neurotransmitter and ion concentrations, and eliminating toxins from cerebrospinal fluid.In addition, astrocytes can modulate neuronal activity by influencing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and releasing gliotransmitters.Glycine has an important role in the modulation of the orphan receptors GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12.In conclusion, glycine helps in the modulation of the amyloid beta pathway, as established in the anti-inflammatory properties of glycine and its relationship with the GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12.