Impact of IEEE Standard 2800-Compliant Inverters on the Performance of Phase Selection Elements in Protective Relays

This article analyzes the influence of IEEE Std. 2800-compliant inverters on the performance of phase selection elements (PSEs) in protective relays. It is revealed that the incremental quality-based PSEs are prone to malfunction in inverter-based systems complying with IEEE Std. 2800, while the impact of load conditions on the performance of the total quantity-based PSEs in such systems can be quantified. These two characteristics are significantly different from the legacy synchronous generator (SG)-based systems. Further, this work examines the impact of fault resistance, another inherent limitation affecting the performance of PSEs. The analyses show that modifying fault-type bands of the total quantity-based PSEs is both necessary and sufficient for their reliable operation. The theoretical findings are validated through simulations and controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) tests.