Charting WIMP territories at the neutrino floor

We establish comprehensive theoretical benchmarks for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) accessible to ultimate direct detection experiments, focusing on the challenging parameter space between current experimental limits and the irreducible neutrino background. We systematically examine both thermal freeze-out and freeze-in production mechanisms across a range of simplified dark matter models, including <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mi>s</a:mi> </a:math> -channel scalar and vector portals, <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <c:mi>t</c:mi> </c:math> -channel mediator scenarios, and electroweakly interacting multiplets. For thermal relics, we identify parameter regions where suppressed direct detection cross sections naturally arise through momentum-dependent interactions and blind-spot configurations, while maintaining the correct relic abundance. We extensively investigate freeze-in scenarios, demonstrating how feebly interacting massive particles in portal models can populate experimentally accessible parameter space despite their ultraweak couplings. Additionally, we explore how nonstandard cosmological histories—including early matter domination and fast-expanding Universe scenarios—can dramatically alter the relationship between relic density and detection prospects, opening new avenues for discovery. Our analysis provides a roadmap for next-generation experiments approaching the neutrino floor, highlighting complementary detection strategies and identifying the most promising theoretical targets for ultimate sensitivity dark matter searches. These benchmarks establish the theoretical foundation for the final push toward comprehensive coverage of well-motivated WIMP parameter space.