Role of Salvia officinalis Aqueous Leaf Extracts in Modulating Kidney Damage Caused by Deltamethrin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Salvia officinalis extract (Sage), an adequate source of polyphenolic ingredients, have antioxidants, antiinflammatory, and anti-apoptotic characteristics.Mammals and other non-targeted species may have pathophysiological consequences from pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin (DM) due to oxidative stress.Oxidative stress is a key mechanism for pesticide toxicity, with many plants possessing high levels of antioxidants that absorb and neutralize free radicals.The objectives of the current study were to investigate Sage's possible nephroprotective and antioxidant benefits against DM-induced toxicity in rats.Four groups of twenty-four albino rats were randomly assigned: control, Sage, DM, and DM plus Sage, with six animals per group.The medication was extended for one month, and then all rats' kidney tissues were examined employing the proper test kits to measure glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and tumour necrosis factor a (TNF-) levels.This study also examined histological and ultrastructural alterations.Rats intoxicated with DM showed significantly higher levels of urea and creatinine than control rats.Furthermore, DMtreated rats showed considerable changes in kidney lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes such SOD and GSH, and TNF-.The kidney tissues' histological and ultrastructural alterations validated these biochemical disruptions.On the other hand, Sage restored the usual levels of urea and creatinine in the blood.Additionally, Sage reduced inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation induced by DM.Additionally, it decreased ultrastructural degeneration and histopathology brought on by DM.It can be concluded that the antioxidant properties of sage may be contributing to its protective effects.