The Serpent Eating Its Own Tail: Dust Destruction in the Apep Colliding-Wind Nebula
Much of the carbonaceous dust observed in the early universe may originate from colliding wind binaries (CWBs) hosting hot, luminous Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. Downstream of the shock between the stellar winds there exists a suitable environment for dust grain formation, and the orbital motion of the stars wraps this dust into richly structured spiral geometries. The Apep system is the most extreme WR-CWB in our Milky Way: two WR stars produce a complex spiral dust nebula, whose slow expansion has been linked to a gamma-ray burst progenitor. It has been unclear whether the O-type supergiant 0.7" distant from the WR+WR binary is physically associated with the system, and whether it affects the dusty nebula. Multi-epoch VLT/VISIR and JWST/MIRI observations show that this northern companion star routinely carves a cavity in the dust nebula - the first time such an effect has been observed in a CWB - which unambiguously associates the O star as a bound component to the Apep system. These observations are used together with a new geometric model to infer the cavity geometry and the orbit of the WR+WR binary, yielding the first strong constraints on wind and orbital parameters. We confirm an orbital period of over 190 years for the inner binary - nearly an order of magnitude longer than the next longest period dust-producing WR-CWB. This, together with the confirmed classification as a hierarchical triple, cements Apep as a singular astrophysical laboratory for studying colliding winds and the terminal life stages of the most massive star systems.
Authors
- J. R. Callingham (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7167-1819)
- Peter Tuthill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7026-6291)
- Ryan M. Lau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0778-0321)
- Yinuo Han (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2106-0403)
- Benjamin J. S. Pope (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-9114)
- Shashank Dholakia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-8444)
- Noel D. Richardson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2806-9339)
- Ryan M. T. White (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7054-0880)
Publication Details
- Journal
- ArXiv.org
- Published
- 2025-07-19
- Primary Topic
- Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00