Multi-objective multi-period facility covering location and capacity planning with multiple root facilities under uncertainty

This strategic planning framework is built upon a Multi-Objective Optimization core, balancing cost efficiency, service coverage, equity, and environmental impact. This core is intrinsically linked to Multi-Period Planning, which handles phased investment, capacity expansion, and network adaptation over time. To address real-world variability, Uncertainty Management techniques such as modeling stochastic demand, scenario-based planning, and service level constraints are integrated directly into the multi-period model. Finally, the physical and logical layout is governed by key Network Design Considerations, including the use of shortest path forests, multiple root facilities, modular capacity units, and resilience measures to ensure robust operation.