Climate Change, Nature-Based Tourism, and Aging: Assessing Vulnerability and Resilience in Urban and Natural Protected Areas—Semi-Systematic Review

Climate change poses increasing risks to the ecological and social foundations of Nature-Based Tourism (NBT), particularly within urbanized and protected landscapes. This study examines how the existing literature conceptualizes climate vulnerability and resilience across Urban Protected Areas (UPAs) and Natural Protected Areas (NPAs), addressing an identified gap in comparative NBT scholarship. Using a semi-systematic literature review of 72 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025, guided by PRISMA procedures, the analysis synthesizes conceptual framings, methodological orientations, and thematic trends across ecological, social, and demographic dimensions. Results reveal a persistent geographical bias toward the Global North and a strong emphasis on NPAs (67%), where resilience is primarily understood as an ecological or governance attribute. In contrast, UPA studies increasingly adopt participatory, health-adaptive, and accessibility-oriented approaches, though only about 10% explicitly consider aging populations. Comparative synthesis highlights distinct methodological preferences and a continued underrepresentation of health, well-being, and equity dimensions within current adaptation frameworks. The literature indicates that advancing climate-resilient tourism depends on hybrid models that link urban innovation, ecosystem restoration, and inclusive governance. Integrating regenerative tourism principles, traditional ecological knowledge, and health-adaptive infrastructure emerges as a promising direction for promoting socially equitable and ecologically robust adaptation strategies in protected areas affected by accelerating climate change.