Context-Specific Diversity of Antimicrobial Functions of Interferon-Stimulated Genes

Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were initially discovered for their role in antiviral functions. However, recent studies show evidence of a diverse and context-specific regulatory function of these genes in antiviral and antibacterial protection. The molecular mechanisms of such activities vary depending on the pathogen, cell type, isoform, and species. In this review, we summarize the context-specific functions of several prominent and well-known ISG families, including OAS, IFITs, ISG15, viperin, ADAR1, and Mx proteins. We provide examples of distinct enzymatic or regulatory mechanisms that are employed by these ISGs to carry out their diverse functions, including nucleic acid sensing, RNA degradation, translation inhibition, membrane remodeling, etc.