Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis Unveils Candidate Genes and Functional Variants for Growth and Reproductive Traits in Duroc Pigs

Pigs play a vital role in global food security as a major source of animal protein. Enhancing growth and reproductive traits is of great economic importance to the swine industry. To systematically identify genetic determinants underlying key economic traits, we performed an integrative multi-omics analysis in a population of 1624 Duroc pigs, focusing on backfat thickness (BF), loin muscle area (LMA), and total teat number (TTN). Our genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified twenty-one significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-fourteen for BF, three for LMA, and seven for TTN. Candidate genes located within 1 Mb of these SNPs, such as <i>ZC3HAV1L</i> and <i>FAM3A</i> for BF, <i>PTGR2</i> for LMA, and <i>VRTN</i> and <i>ABCD4</i> for TTN, were further investigated. Functional genomic annotations revealed that genetic variants near the significant SNPs were enriched in tissue-specific enhancer elements, implying regulatory potential. Transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) further supported the candidate genes such as <i>ABCD4</i> and <i>YLPM1</i> for TTN and predicted several putative functional mutations that may affect transcription factor binding sites. This study demonstrates the power of integrative genomics to prioritize candidate genes and causal variants for animal complex traits, offering valuable resources for future precision breeding in pigs.