Implementation and Mathematical Modeling of a Copper Controller in Yeast

We present a synthetic biology approach to implement an outflow control system that improves copper tolerance in the yeast S. cerevisiae. By integrating the CRP1 gene from C. albicans under a copper dependent promoter, we engineered yeast cells that actively pump out excess copper when the internal copper concentration becomes too high. We also present mathematical models of both the native and the modified and extended copper regulation systems. Experimental validation confirmed successful modification, enhanced copper resistance, and concentration dependent behavior, illustrating the power of control theory in genetic circuit design.