Identification of ecosystem service bundles and social-ecological driving factors in the Poyang Lake Basin, China

A comprehensive understanding of the relationships between ecosystem services (ESs) and their social-ecological driving factors is the foundation for sustainable ecosystem management. Taking the Poyang Lake basin as the study area, this study first evaluated and mapped six ESs, namely carbon storage (CS), habitat quality (HQ), water yield (WY), water purification (WP), soil conservation (SC), and food production (FP). Then, the Spearman correlation was used to explore the relationships between ESs, and the Self-organizing map (SOM) was used to explore ecosystem service bundles (ESBs). Finally, the geographical detector was used to quantify the impacts of social-ecological drivers on ESs. The results showed that: (1) Strong Synergies were observed among regulation services (WP, SC, and CS) and supporting services (HQ) (e.g., WP-HQ: r = 0.91). Meanwhile, a synergy was found between provisioning services (WY and FP). In contrast, pronounced trade-offs existed between provisioning services and regulation services (WP, SC, and CS) or supporting services (HQ) (e.g., FP-WP: r = −0.90), except for the relationship between WY and SC. (2) WY, SC, and CS are dominated by climatic factors, terrain factors, and socioeconomic factors, respectively. WP, HQ, and FP are dominated by socioeconomic factors and terrain factors. (3) The basin can be clustered into six ESBs, and we proposed targeted ecosystem management strategies for each ESB based on their characteristics. This study provides scientific references for the management and optimization of ecosystems in the Poyang Lake basin. • There is a strong trade-off between food production and supporting services and regulating services. • Driving mechanism analysis was conducted using the geodetector model. • Six ES bundles were identified at the watershed scale based on SOM clustering. • Specific suggestions for each ES bundle were proposed for ecosystem management.