Combined M1 macrophage inhibition and thermotherapy for controlled fibroplasia and accelerated wound repair via an oxygenating ROS-responsive hydrogel

Wound healing remains a major clinical challenge, as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation collectively impede tissue regeneration. To overcome these multifactorial barriers, we developed an injectable hydrogel (FH-PMC-T) by integrating multifunctional PDA@MnO₂@CuO (PMC) nanoparticles and taurine into a Fe³⁺ crosslinked Farsi gum-hyaluronic acid (FH) network. The hydrogel exhibits excellent photothermal conversion efficiency, catalase-like activity, and antioxidant capacity, enabling synergistic redox modulation and immune microenvironment regulation. Taurine is responsively released under high reactive oxygen species (ROS) conditions, contributing to the attenuation of inflammation and the suppression of macrophages M1 phenotype polarization. Moreover, the near-infrared (NIR)-responsive property allows mild photothermal therapy (PTT) to further stimulate fibroblast migration and tissue remodeling. In vivo, FH-PMC-T combined with NIR irradiation accelerates wound closure and enhances both structural and functional skin regeneration. This study proposes a hybrid photothermal-immunoregulatory hydrogel that orchestrates oxygenation, redox balance, and immune modulation for accelerated and restorative wound repair.