Phenotypic and functional characterization of soil Pseudomonas strains reveals multi-metal tolerance and bioremediation potential

Selected strains exhibited broad tolerance across different single-metal exposures, with removal efficiencies exceeding 65% for Cr, Zn, Cu, and As, and up to 90% for Pb. These isolates also demonstrated robust growth under osmotic and acidic stress, and maintained viability at low temperatures, suggesting a high level of ecological adaptability. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed their affiliation within the <i>P. fluorescens</i> and <i>P. putida</i> groups, taxa known for their metabolic flexibility and stress resistance. The convergence of high removal efficiency, stress tolerance, and phylogenetic diversity indicates that these isolates represent strong candidates for bioaugmentation in metal-polluted soils. Future studies will focus on co-exposure experiments with mixed metals to evaluate synergistic and antagonistic effects and to validate their performance under complex contamination scenarios.