Social isolation, loneliness, and positive affect before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in very old adults living in Germany: a quasi-experimental multi-sample study

Cumulative risks during the COVID-19 pandemic escalated, with pandemic responses such as lockdowns increasing the adverse effects of social isolation and loneliness on positive affect of very old adults. Our pooled-multi-sample design allows a quantitative investigation of an understudied population, offering researchers new insights and an empirical strategy to utilize.