Advancing Trauma-Informed Mental Health Counseling: A Global and Multidimensional Perspective on Adverse Childhood Experiences

<title>Abstract</title> This systematic review synthesizes psychometric and epidemiological research on Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), focusing on factor structures, measurement invariance, and assessment tools across diverse populations. By analyzing factor-analytic studies and conceptual frameworks, the review traces the shift from unidimensional cumulative ACE scoring to multidimensional, culturally responsive models. This work evaluates the ACE Questionnaire (ACE-Q) and the World Health Organization’s ACE-International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ), highlighting their applications in clinical and global counseling settings. Emerging adults, particularly college students, are identified as a high-prevalence group requiring trauma-informed interventions. Recommendations include integrating quantitative and qualitative assessments, adopting culturally sensitive practices, and refining scoring to capture adversity severity, timing, and cultural context. The review advocates for longitudinal research, cross-cultural validation, and expanded frameworks incorporating social determinants. This work provides an evidence-based framework to enhance trauma-informed counseling practices and counselor education and supervision.