Advancements in postoperative pancreatic fistula: a comprehensive review of predictive factors, therapies, scoring systems and ongoing trials

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a critical complication following pancreatic surgeries, marked by leakage of pancreatic fluid due to anastomotic or pancreatic duct failure. Recent advancements have refined its definition, risk classification and management strategies. This review emphasises discussing new definitions, classification updates, predictive factors (both pancreatic and non-pancreatic), comparisons of surgical techniques and therapeutic advancements. Emerging trials and innovations, such as robotic-assisted surgery and personalised stents, are also addressed. The evolving understanding of POPF underscores the need for holistic and patient-centred surgical strategies.