Command and control information systems for military applications

Introduction/purpose: A command and control information system (C2IS) is a technical system designed to provide decision makers with the information they need to plan, coordinate, and manage operations. It consists of hardware and software, and includes a specialized set of tools and processes that aim to ensure the timely and accurate flow of information. C2IS can be intended for military applications, public safety, and corporate management. The paper presents the historical development of military C2IS. Examples of modern C2IS of some technologically advanced countries are given, such as the USA (NATO), the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China, India, the United Kingdom, France and Israel. Methods: This article is a review of 60+ references relating to the historical development of military C2IS, as well as modern C2IS of some technologically advanced countries. Results: Based on cited references, this article summarizes the historical development of C2IS for military applications, and presents a brief overview of the modern C2IS of seven technologically advanced countries. Conclusion: Command and control information systems are widely used in modern militaries. Their development began in the mid-20th century. Over the past 80 years, C2IS have evolved from the manually operated systems of the 1940s to the modern systems that are driven by artificial intelligence (AI) today. The era of modern C2IS began in the 1990s. Since then, the focus has been on decentralization and autonomous decision making, efficient data management, and cybersecurity. In recent years, the central focus has been on the integration of AI into C2IS.