Parameter Tuning and Adaptive Strategy for Grid-Forming Energy Storage Systems Under Multi-Disturbance Conditions

In power systems with a high penetration of renewable energy, integrating battery energy storage systems can enhance frequency regulation capabilities. However, in “islanded” operation mode, the lack of large grid interconnection support may cause significant frequency fluctuations or even instability when the system faces fault disturbances. To ensure the dynamic stability of the grid-forming energy storage system, this paper proposes a virtual synchronous machine (VSM) control parameter tuning and adaptive switching strategy. A control model is developed, which incorporates virtual inertia, damping, droop control, and transient virtual impedance. An optimization model for control parameter tuning is established for two typical disturbances: generator disconnection and three-phase symmetrical short-circuit fault. Additionally, a control parameter adaptive switching mechanism is designed based on voltage threshold and recovery time criteria. The application of this method to a simulation of an islanded power system demonstrates that high damping (e.g., greater than 15 pu) is suitable for generator disconnection disturbances, while a combination of low inertia (0.1 s) and high damping (50 pu) is appropriate for three-phase short-circuit disturbances. The control parameter tuning for three independent and aggregated scenarios successfully achieves effective frequency support. The adaptive switching criteria are set with a voltage threshold of 0.4 pu and a recovery time of 2 s, ensuring that the system frequency recovers within the specified range (48.5–51.5 Hz) within 1 s under short-circuit disturbance. The proposed method shows great potential for improving the operational stability of grid-forming energy storage systems.