Ultrasound Evaluation of Upper Facial Muscles to Guide Botulinum Toxin Application
The study provides normative ultrasound parameters for the upper facial muscle in healthy adults. The results demonstrate significant anatomical variability depending on sex, BMI, and facial laterality, supporting individualized ultrasound-guided approaches for botulinum toxin injection.
Authors
- Anna Pawłowska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5070-1786)
- Dominika Jaguś (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3673-7130)
- K Mlosek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9295-3164)
Institutions
- Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research (PL)
- Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Toxins
- Published
- 2025-12-14
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17120595
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.39