Tissue-specific HGF and soluble c-MET levels in gestational diabetes mellitus: insights into maternal–endocrine crosstalk and fetal metabolic adaptation

GDM is a condition that develops during pregnancy and affects how the body regulates sugar. This study explored how two proteins, HGF and its receptor c-MET, may influence metabolism in mothers with GDM and their babies. Blood, placenta, and visceral fat samples were analyzed from women with and without GDM. Mothers with GDM had higher blood levels of soluble c-MET and lower HGF levels in cord blood. HGF activity was increased in visceral fat, suggesting altered fat metabolism may contribute to insulin resistance. These changes were linked to higher lactic acid levels in newborns, a sign of metabolic stress. The findings suggest that HGF/c-MET signaling helps coordinate hormonal communication between mother and fetus during pregnancy and could serve as a potential biomarker for maternal insulin resistance and fetal metabolic health in GDM.