Disparities in maternal knowledge and practices on sleep training: a cross-sectional analysis of urban vs. rural areas

Mothers with higher education, formal employment, and greater socioeconomic status demonstrated better knowledge and sleep-training behaviors; however, knowledge was not directly associated with practice. These findings highlight that improving maternal understanding alone may be insufficient to change behavior without addressing sociocultural norms-particularly widespread co-sleeping and household constraints-that influence sleep practices. Tailored, context-sensitive educational interventions are needed to promote consistent and developmentally appropriate sleep routines for young children in Indonesia.