Botanical Fungicides in Focus: Evaluating the Potential and Limitations of Plant Extracts in the Management of <i>Phytophthora capsici</i> in Black Pepper Cultivation

Phytophthora capsici is a significant pathogen that causes foot rot disease in black pepper, leading to considerable yield losses. Although chemical fungicides are effective, they pose environmental and health risks. Conversely, botanical fungicides derived from plants offer an eco-friendly alternative. However, their efficacy may be inferior to that of conventional chemical fungicides in certain applications. This paper evaluated the mode of action and efficacy of several botanical pesticides as alternatives for managing P. capsici infections in black pepper, emphasizing the potential of these biopesticides as sustainable disease management tools.