Beyond presence: understanding the role of identity and emotions in virtual reality for natural hazards preparedness

Abstract Virtual reality (VR) is an ever-evolving technology that offers immersive and interactive experiences for various purposes, such as preparing for Natural Hazards (NH). However, to create compelling VR experiences for NH preparedness, it is essential to understand the factors that affect User Experience (UX) within these virtual environments. This study investigates how identity priming and emotional state influence UX in VR environments designed for natural hazard preparedness. A between-group experiment (N = 102) was conducted using a 2 × 2 design manipulating identity priming (with/without) and emotional state (fear/no fear). UX was assessed through presence (measured via the IPQ subscales: general presence, spatial presence, involvement, and experienced realism), cognitive workload (NASA-TLX), simulator sickness (VRSQ), and physiological responses (heart rate). Results showed significant effects of identity and emotion on involvement and experienced realism (subscales of presence), cognitive workload (temporal demand, effort, frustration), and nausea. No significant effects were found on general presence, spatial presence, physical demand, performance, or overall simulator sickness. These findings highlight the nuanced influence of identity and emotion on specific dimensions of VR experience, offering valuable insights for designing more effective and engaging VR experiences for NH preparedness.