Association of fine particulate matter exposure during pregnancy and stillbirth rates in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study
Increased PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure was strongly associated with stillbirth risk. This underscores the need for targeted public health interventions, such as government regulations, emission controls and clean energy initiatives to protect pregnant women in high-risk areas.
Authors
- Zafar Fatmi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7212-6858)
- Waqas Hameed (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8100-9474)
- Bilal Ahmed Usmani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6466-1049)
- Muhammad Ahmed (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3501-3050)
- Asad Allana (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6865-3014)
- MINAZ ANMOL (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8463-1998)
- Zafar Ahmed (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6609-7314)
- Saqib Ur Rehman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6142-9128)
Institutions
- Aga Khan University (PK)
- NED University of Engineering and Technology (PK)
- University of Karachi (PK)
Publication Details
- Journal
- BMJ Open
- Published
- 2025-12-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-100972
- Primary Topic
- Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00