Toxoplasma gondii in wild felides in Poland

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans. Felids, as definitive hosts, play a central role in its transmission through shedding of environmentally resistant oocysts. While numerous studies on domestic cats exist, less is known about the epidemiology of T. gondii in wild felids, particularly in Central Europe. In Poland, two strictly protected carnivore species—the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and the European wildcat (Felis silvestris)—may contribute to parasite circulation, yet no data on their infection status were previously available. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of T. gondii in these species and to explore the genotypes present in Polish populations. Samples (sera/tissue fluid and fragments of organs) from 29 wild felines (21 lynx, 8 wildcats) collected across three regions of Poland were analyzed using serological (ELISA) and molecular (nested and real-time PCR) methods. Specific IgG antibodies were detected in 14/25 (56%) individuals, while IgM was identified in two wildcats, suggesting recent infection. T. gondii DNA was confirmed in 11/27 (40.7%) animals by nested PCR and in 10/27 (37.0%) by real-time PCR, with concordant results (Cramer's V test, p = 0.018). Parasite DNA was recovered from multiple tissues, most frequently the heart, lungs, spleen, and brain. Genotyping of positive samples revealed predominance of type II lineages (82.6%), followed by type I (13.0%) and type II/III (4.3%). This study demonstrates that both Eurasian lynx and European wildcats in Poland are frequently exposed to and infected with T. gondii, confirming their role in the parasite’s sylvatic cycle. The predominance of type II genotypes mirrors patterns in Central European domestic cats and livestock, suggesting shared transmission pathways. Given the conservation concerns for these endangered species and their ecological importance, systematic surveillance of T. gondii and other pathogens in wild felids, as well as in their prey, is recommended. These data expand the understanding of parasite circulation in Central Europe and highlight potential health risks for vulnerable carnivore populations.