Enhancing the circular economy of lithium-ion batteries: a data-driven optimisation of leaching efficiency using kernel ridge regression

The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and the consequential accumulation of waste from these batteries necessitate its appropriate disposal and recycling. This is important in order to responsibly address the environmental concerns and the shortage of critical metals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese. The present study employs glycine, an environmentally friendly amino acid, as a leaching agent along with ascorbic acid, as a reducing agent, to recover valuable metals from spent LIB cathodes. The present study investigates the effect of time, temperature, pulp density, and reactant concentrations on the leaching process. Hydrothermal method integrated with machine learning (ML) approach reduced the number of experiments to reach the optimal leaching conditions. The study reports that at 2 mol/L glycine, 0.04 mol/L ascorbic acid, 75 °C temperature, 20 g/L pulp density, and 90 min reaction time, the leaching efficiency extends 91.0 %, 99.9 %, 92.3 % and 96.6 % of Ni, Mn, Co and Li, respectively. Additionally, glycine exhibits low leaching efficiency of Al, therefore, high purity aluminium can be recovered from the process.