Vitamins in the Treatment of Periodontitis: Molecular Mechanism and Network Pharmacological Analysis.

Vitamins have multiple potentials in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and bone regeneration, but their clinical application needs to consider individual differences, bioavailability and synergistic effects. Vitamins D and C emerge as the most critically supported micronutrients for adjunctive periodontitis management. For clinical practitioners, ensuring patients' adequacy in vitamin D is paramount for its immunomodulatory and bone-stabilising benefits, while vitamin C supplementation is strongly indicated for its antioxidant capacity and role in collagen synthesis. While vitamins K, A, and E show promising mechanistic roles, their routine supplementation requires more targeted evidence. Clinical application must consider individual nutritional status, bioavailability, and synergistic effects within a precision nutrition strategy. In the future, it is necessary to combine precision nutrition strategies and clinical validation to promote the transformation of vitamins from basic research to personalised treatment.