New concepts in intracranial compliance: pathophysiology, monitoring and clinical implications

To achieve such goal, both invasive and noninvasive advanced monitoring techniques now provide real-time insights into ICC status. ICP waveform analysis offers granular information on compensatory reserve and cerebral autoregulation. Noninvasive methods, such as cranial micro-deformation sensors and transcranial Doppler-derived parameters offer accessible bedside assessment. These tools, alongside others such as optic nerve sheath ultrasound and pupillometry, facilitate earlier detection of decompensation, guide individualized therapy and improve prognostication.