Optimizing India’s wildlife conservation framework using EU network models and SLOSS principles for SDG 15 achievement

The debate over Single Large or Several Small (SLOSS) protected areas has evolved from a purely ecological discourse to a crucial sustainability challenge, particularly in achieving SDG 15 (Life on Land). This article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of protected area design in India and the European Union, examining how SLOSS principles can be optimized within existing legal frameworks to enhance biodiversity conservation while promoting sustainable development outcomes. Through systematic analysis of India’s Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and the EU’s Habitats (Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21), and Birds Directives (Council Directive 92/43/EEC), this study identifies opportunities for legal reforms that could strengthen protected area networks. India’s conservation framework encompasses 1,014 protected areas covering 5.32% of the country’s geographical area, including National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. While India has incorporated network-based elements through Conservation Reserves designed for ecological connectivity, implementation challenges persist in human-dominated landscapes where socio-political complexities affect landscape-level conservation efforts. Drawing comparative insights from the EU’s Natura 2000 network spanning over 27,000 sites across 27 member states and covering approximately 18% of EU territory, this research explores how complementary legal mechanisms could enhance India’s existing network approach. The study proposes five key legal innovations: Species-Specific Conservation Areas with scientifically-determined boundaries, Ecological Corridors with tiered protection levels, Network Management provisions for landscape-level coordination, Scientific Assessment Frameworks ensuring evidence-based decision-making, and Implementation Support mechanisms including dedicated conservation financing. These proposed reforms address critical implementation gaps in corridor protection and habitat connectivity. The reforms are particularly relevant for India’s biodiversity hotspots where fragmented habitats require enhanced connectivity measures. The findings demonstrate that strategically integrating select EU legal mechanisms into India’s existing conservation framework could significantly improve biodiversity outcomes while respecting India’s unified jurisdiction model and addressing unique challenges posed by high population density and intensive land use.