Genome-wide survey of superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes in Argania spinosa L., an endemic tree species

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes play a pivotal role in mitigating oxidative damage caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under abiotic stress conditions. While the SOD gene family has been extensively characterized in various plant species, its characterization in the genus Argania remains limited. In the present study, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the SOD gene family was conducted in Argania spinosa genome. A total of nine SOD genes were identified and grouped into three main classes—Cu/ZnSOD, FeSOD, and MnSOD—based on their metal cofactors. This classification was further supported by analyses of conserved domains, motifs, and phylogenetic relationships. Promoter region analysis revealed the presence of multiple stress-responsive cis-acting elements, indicating potential roles for these genes in abiotic stress responses. Furthermore, 36 pairs of gene-specific primers were designed and validated in silico, demonstrating high predicted specificity and amplification efficiency. Collectively, these outcomes provide a foundational framework for future functional studies on the SOD gene family in A. spinosa and might promote the development of stress-resilient genotypes capable of withstanding drought, salinity, and other environmental challenges.